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Apoptosis Resource: Changes in the Mitochondria
 | | | Measurement of Apoptosis-Induced Changes in the Mitochondria
One of the earliest measurable changes in apoptosis occurs when the outer membrane of the mitochondria becomes permeable and proteins located in the intermembrane space are released into the cytosol. These proteins include cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, HtrA2/OMI, Endonuclease-G (EndoG), and Apoptosis-inducing Factor (AIF). The loss of cytochrome c is accompanied by a loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DYm), disruption of the electron transport change, and release of Ca2+. The regulation and implementation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) involves a number of proteins, particularily those in the Bcl-2 family. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak, assist in MOMP, resulting in the eventual activation of procaspase-9. In contrast, the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2/Bcl-XL help to suppress apoptosis by interacting with or preventing the pro-apoptotic proteins from carrying out their anti-apoptotic function. The exact mechanism by which MOMP occurs remains under active investigation.
| | | | | | | | | Measurement of Changes in the Mitochondria: Kits |
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| Bcl-2 ELISA Kit |
ELISA |
Cell lysates, tissue culture supernatant, sera, or plasma |
96 Tests |
QIA23 |
| InnoCyte™ Flow Cytometric Cytochrome c Release Kit |
FC, IF |
Intact Cells |
50 Cell stainings |
CBA077 |
| Cytochrome c ELISA Kit |
ELISA |
Cell lysates |
96 Tests |
QIA74 |
| Cytochrome c Release Apoptosis Assay Kit |
IB |
Cell Extracts |
100 Tests |
QIA87 |
| MitoCapture™ Apoptosis Detection Kit |
FC, IF |
Cell suspension or adherent cells |
100 Tests |
475866 |
| ProteoExtract® Cytosol/Mitochondria Fractionation Kit |
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Cells |
100 Extractions |
QIA88 |
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| | | | Measurement of Changes in the Mitochondria: Related Kits |
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| Glutathione Apoptosis Assay Kit |
FL |
Cell lysate |
100 Tests |
QIA89 |
| Hsp27 ELISA Kit |
ELISA |
Cell lysates, plasma, serum, tissue extracts |
96 Tests |
QIA119 |
| Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase ELISA Kit |
ELISA |
Cell culture supernatant, serum, plasma, urine, amniotic fluid, and other biological fluids |
96 Tests |
QIA97 |
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| | | | Anti-Cytochrome c Mouse mAb (6H2.B4)
Cat. No. AP1030
Jurkat cells untreated (A) and treated (B) with Actinomycin D (Cat. No. 114666) at 1 mM for 7 h. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Primary antibody was Anti-cytochrome c (Cat. No. AP1030) used at 1 mg/ml; secondary antibody was Goat anti-mouse IgG
conjugated to Alexa FluorŪ 546. Blue staining in the nucleus is DAPI (Cat. No. 268298) at 1 mg/ml. Cytochrome c (red) is localized to mitochondria but is released in dying (apoptotic) cells.
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| | | | Measurement of Changes in the Mitochondria: Related Products |
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| Anti-Adenine Nucleotide Translocase Mouse mAb (5F51BB5AG7) |
IB, IC, IP |
bovine, human, rat |
AP1034 |
| Anti-Cyclophilin D Mouse mAb (E11AE12BD4) |
IB, IC |
bovine, human, rat |
AP1035 |
| Anti-Cytochrome c (Ab-1) Sheep pAb |
IB, IF, IP |
canine, human, rabbit, rat |
PC323 |
| Anti-Cytochrome c Mouse mAb (6H2.B4) |
FC, IC, IP, NOT IB |
human, mouse, rat |
AP1030 |
| Anti-Cytochrome c Mouse mAb (7H8.2C12) |
FC, IB, IC, NOT IP, PS |
horse, human, mouse, rat |
AP1029 |
| Cytochrome c, Equine Heart |
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250600 |
| Anti-F1F0-a Mouse mAb (7H10BD4F9) |
CIA, IB, IC |
bovine, human, mouse, rat |
AP1036 |
| Anti-F1F0-b Mouse mAb (3D5AB1) |
CIA, IB, IC, IP |
bovine, human, mouse, rat |
AP1037 |
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| | | | Anti-Cyclophilin D Mouse mAb (E11AE12BD4)
Cat. No. AP1035
Cultured fibroblasts were stained with Anti-Cyclophilin D Mouse mAb (E11AE12BD4) Cat. No. AP1035, at 5 mg/ml.
Detection by immunofluorescence. |  |
| | | | Measurement of Changes in the Mitochondria: Inhibitors/Modulators |
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| Atractyloside, Dipotassium Salt, Atractylis gummifera |
189300 |
| Bongkrekic Acid, Triammonium Salt |
203671 |
| Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenylhydrazone |
215911 |
| Carboxyatractyloside, Atractylis gummifera |
216200 |
| Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Reagents Set |
475876 |
| Oligomycin |
495455 |
| Rotenone |
557368 |
| Ru360 |
557440 |
| Smac-N7 Peptide |
567370 |
| Smac-N7 Peptide, Cell-Permeable |
567375 |
| Valinomycin, Streptomyces fulvissimus |
676377 |
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| | | | Use of Dyes to Measure Changes in the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Dym) | | Detection of changes in DYm can be performed using cationic dyes that accumulate in the mitochondria. For example, the cationic dye JC-1 can be used to detect changes in the membrane potential associated with the mitochondrial permeability transition. | | | | Measurement of Changes in the Mitochondria: Dyes and Stains | |
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