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Protein Kinase Activators  | | | | | | | Protein phosphorylation corresponds to one of the most important molecular mechanisms by which extracellular signals produce their biological responses in cells. Stimulation of protein kinases is considered to be one of the most common activation mechanism in signal transduction systems. Protein phosphorylation systems are composed of at least three components: (a) phosphoproteins, that alter their properties during phosphorylation-dephosphorylation; (b) protein kinases, that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues on proteins; and (c) protein phosphotases, that dephosphorylate the phosphoproteins, thereby restoring the particular protein phosphorylation system to its basal stage. The eukaryotic protein kinases constitute one of the largest superfamilies of homologous proteins that are related by virtue of their catalytic domains. Most related protein kinases are specific for either serine/threonine or tyrosine phosphorylation. At least three principal mechanisms have been proposed for the activation of various protein kinases. Figure 17 outlines some of the major pathways involved in the regulatory mechanisms. Many substrates are known to undergo phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases. Most protein kinases possess a 30 - 32 kDa catalytic domain that is well conserved throughout the phylogeny. A considerable amount of information on primary sequence of the catalytic domains of various protein kinases has been published. These sequences share a large number of residues involved in ATP binding, catalysis, and maintenance of structural integrity. Protein kinases have a latent catalytic activity and removal of the inhibitory constraints induces activation of the enzyme. | | | |  | | | |
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| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, N6,O2′-Dibutyryl-, Sodium Salt |
28745 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-, Sodium Salt |
116812 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-Bromo-, Sodium Salt |
203800 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, N6,O2′-Dioctanoyl-, Sodium Salt |
116530 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, N6-Benzoyl-, Sodium Salt |
116802 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, Sodium Salt |
116801 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphorothioate, 8-Bromo-, Sp-Isomer, Sodium Salt |
116818 |
| Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphorothioate, Sp-Isomer, Triethylammonium Salt |
116815 |
| 5,6-Dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphorothioate, Sp-Isomer, Sodium Salt |
287893 |
| 5,6-Dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, Sodium Salt |
287892 |
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| a-Amyloid Precursor Protein Modulator |
565740 |
| Bryostatin 2 |
203812 |
| 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol |
317505 |
| Lipoxin A4 |
437720 |
| Lyngbyatoxin A, Micromonospora sp. |
440230 |
| Oleic Acid |
4954 |
| 1-Oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol |
495414 |
| 4a-Phorbol |
524382 |
| Phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate |
524390 |
| Phorbol-12,13-didecanoate |
524392 |
| 4a-Phorbol-12,13-didecanoate |
524394 |
| Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate |
524400 |
| L-a-Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, Dipalmitoyl-, Pentaammonium Salt |
524613 |
| L-a-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, Dipalmitoyl-, Pentaammonium Salt |
524614 |
| L-a-Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, Dipalmitoyl-, Heptaammonium Salt |
524615 |
| 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol |
569399 |
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| Caged cGMP |
370657 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, Sodium Salt |
370656 |
| Guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-(2-Aminophenylthio)-, Sodium Salt |
370662 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-Bromo-, Sodium Salt |
203820 |
| Guanosine-3′-5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-, Triethylammonium Salt |
370665 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, N2,2′-O-Dibutyryl-, Sodium Salt |
370660 |
| Guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, 8-[[2-[(7-Nitro-4-benzofuranzanyl)amino]ethyl]thio]-, Sodium Salt |
370663 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, b-Phenyl-1,N2-etheno-8-bromo-, Sodium Salt |
370664 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphorothioate, Sp-Isomer, Triethylammonium Salt |
370667 |
| Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphorothioate, b-Phenyl-1,N2-etheno-8-bromo-, Sp-Isomer, Sodium Salt |
370680 |
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| | | | |  Related Links | | PTK Interactive Pathway™ | | PKC Interactive Pathway™ & Products | MAPK Interactive Pathway™ | | Akt Interactive Pathway™ | | Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Inhibitors | | | | | | | |
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